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The technical procedures underlying medically assisted conception.
A micromanipulation process is used to breach the zona pellucida and hence facilitate hatching of the blastocyst. Common approaches include using a laser to breach or thin the zona pellucida.
The complete absence of spermatozoa in a man’s semen caused either by an obstruction or by failure to produce spermatozoa in the testes.
The stage of development at which the embryo is able to undergo implantation. Human embryos typically reach this stage on Day 5 after fertilization. A blastocyst comprises an outer layer of cells called the trophoblast which encloses the inner cell mass and a cavity known as the blastocoel.
The process of closely tracking a woman’s menstrual cycle and ovulation to optimize the timing for fertility treatments. The goal of cycle monitoring is to monitor the development of eggs (follicles) in the ovaries and ensure that conditions are ideal for egg retrieval or embryo transfer.
A word used to describe those stages of the development of the fertilized oocyte (i.e. zygote) until the fetus, i.e. about the first 8 weeks of human development; the stages before implantation are sometimes referred to as the pre-embryo.
The procedure whereby one or two cells are removed from an embryo at the blastocyst stage (Day 5 or later) for genetic analysis
The fusion of the male and female gametes, a spermatozoon with an oocyte, to create a new individual. A fertilized oocyte is termed the zygote
Human chorionic gonadotrophin (more correctly β-hCG), a hormone that is produced by the early embryo and the ovary to regulate the early stages of pregnancy. Testing for increased levels of β-hCG is the basis of a pregnancy test. As a pharmaceutical, hCG is also given to “trigger” ovulation in women undergoing ovarian stimulation for IVF
A micromanipulation procedure whereby a single spermatozoon is inserted directly into the cytoplasm of the oocyte to achieve fertilization during IVF.
The process whereby the blastocyst stage embryo burrows into the lining of the uterus, or endometrium, to establish a pregnancy.
This technique, whereby oocytes and spermatozoa are mixed in the laboratory to achieve fertilization, is used as a treatment for infertility when the process cannot occur naturally inside the woman’s body.
A medical term often used to described low or poor sperm motility combined with a low sperm concentration. However, since it does not describe any particular presentation, it is not considered a useful scientific term, and should be avoided. See also asthenozoospermia, oligozoospermia, and teratozoospermia
The medical term for having a very low sperm count (defined by the WHO as less than 15×106 spermatozoa per ml of semen).
The correct scientific term for the female gamete, often referred to as the “egg”
The stage in the IVF process when the oocyte, more correctly the oocyte-cumulus complex (OCC) – usually several – are aspirated from the follicles of the ovary. Sometimes referred to as “oocyte pickup” or “OPU”
The process whereby the (secondary) oocyte is released from the mature follicle on the surface of the ovary.
A small cytoplasmic mass extruded by the oocyte during meiosis that contains a discarded set of chromosomes. The first polar body (1st PB) signals the completion of the first meiotic division and can be seen in the secondary oocyte; the second polar body (2ndPB) is extruded as a consequence of penetration of the oocyte by a spermatozoon and is an indication fertilization.
A structure formed during fertilization by the nuclear material contributed by each gamete, hence normal fertilization involves both decondensed chromatin of the sperm nucleus). A normal zygote has two pronuclei (“2PN”).
The male ejaculate, comprising spermatozoa and other cells suspended in a fluid the seminal plasma.
The correct scientific term for the male gamete, often referred to by the lay term “sperm”.
The process by which multiple follicles are stimulated to grow, using gonadotrophin hormones, in a woman’s ovaries in a single cycle so that multiple oocytes can be collected for IVF. More correctly, this process should be referred to as controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH).
A procedure used to retrieve sperm directly from the testicles. A fine needle is inserted into the testicle
to aspirate a small amount of testicular fluid/tissue.”
A procedure whereby spermatozoa are retrieved from homogenized tissue obtained by testis biopsy.
The glycoprotein structure that surrounds the oocyte.
The scientific term for a fertilized oocyte which then undergoes cleavage to form the 2-cell embryo or conceptus.
